1 Kanner used the term ‘infantile autism’ to describe the children with symptoms of social isolation and linguistic disorders. In 1943, Leo Kanner of Johns Hopkins University published “Autistic disturbances of affect contact” in the special issue of the journal The Nervous Child, which systemically examined 11 cases of autism and named it “early infantile autism”. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are discussed with regard to novel strategies predicated on the biological features of autism. Moreover, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and clinical implications of signal transduction in autism from molecular, cellular, neural circuit, and neurobehavioural aspects. This involvement has important implications for the discovery of precise molecular targets for autism.

Here, as we highlight in this review, emerging evidence shows that signal transduction molecular events are involved in pathological processes such as transcription, translation, synaptic transmission, epigenetics and immunoinflammatory responses. Efforts have been devoted to exploring the behavioural functions, key pathological mechanisms and potential treatments of autism. The convergence of neuroscience methods is becoming more widely recognized for its significance in elucidating the pathological mechanisms of autism. Over the last two decades, there have been remarkable advances in genetics, with hundreds of genes identified and validated as being associated with a high risk for autism. There are currently neither validated biomarkers for diagnostic screening nor specific medication for autism.

Despite the rapidly rising incidence of autism, little is known about its aetiology, risk factors, and disease progression. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and complex neurodevelopmental disorder which has strong genetic basis.

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